Web Conferencing Programs Free Essays

Corporate Memos Dawn Cramer Technical Writing Fundamentals January 14, 2013 Nancy Delain MEMORANDUM Date: January 14, 2013 To: Manager From: Dawn Cramer Subject: Web Conferencing Programs Earlier you requested that I research web conferencing programs so as to hold week by week status gatherings. I have discovered a few projects that will work however dependent on my discoveries I accept that the best decision would be Infinite Conferencing. The accompanying focuses sums up why I picked this program. We will compose a custom exposition test on Web Conferencing Programs or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now 1. The quantity of members that can be obliged is 1,000. The capacity to move documents and record the gatherings. No necessary establishment to take up memory just as explicit application control and client validation. 2. The expense is exceptionally low and there is remote and IT support just as Email and moment visit support. There are two kinds of manuals accessible either an online manual or a PDF manual. | Infinite Conferencing| InterCall| ClickMeeting| Ready Talk| Adobe Connect Pro| Monthly Price| $35. 00| $42. 00| $10. 00| $49. 00| $55. 00| No Required Installation | yes| no| Yes| 128-Bit AES Encryption| yes| no| yes| Most extreme Web Attendees | 1000| 125| 1000| 25| 50| File Transfer| Yes| Record Meetings| yes| Support| yes| Online/PDF Manuals | yes| The explanation that I didn't pick InterCall is on the grounds that the greatest web participant is just 125 and they require an establishment. Another explanation I didn't picked this program is on the grounds that the expense is higher. The explanation I didn't pick ClickMeeting is on the grounds that there is no encryption to ensure organization data despite the fact that the expense is a lot of lower. The explanation I didn't pick Ready Talk is on the grounds that the most extreme web participant is just 25 individuals and the expense is significantly higher. These are similar reasons that I didn't pick Adobe Connect Pro even with the greatest web participant at 50 individuals. References: Infinite. (n. d. ). Recovered from http://www. infiniteconferencing. com/administrations/web_conferencing. php Find the Best. (2013). Recovered from http://web-conferencing. findthebest. com/Tech Media organize. (2013). Top Ten Reviews. Recovered from http://web-conferencing-administrations. toptenreviews. com/ Instructions to refer to Web Conferencing Programs, Papers

Six Shades of True

Six Shades of True Six Shades of True Six Shades of True By Maeve Maddox Our assertion genuine is one of the most seasoned in the language. It might get from a Proto-Indo-European word for tree. An all around established tree is solid, undaunted and firm. When the word entered Old English as triewe, it had gained the significance â€Å"faithful† or â€Å"trustworthy.† New undertones kept on joining to valid. The sense â€Å"consistent with fact† dates from around 1200. The importance â€Å"real, certified, not counterfeit† is from late fourteenth century. Around 1550 it assumed the feeling of â€Å"agreeing with a certain standard,† and by late 1500s it could mean â€Å"accurately fitted or shaped.† In current utilization, genuine has at any rate six shades of significance. Here are a few models from the web, along with a couple of equivalent words that may pass on the planned significance all the more absolutely. 1. Is it genuine what they state about the Moto G? Which means: right, exact, right, undeniable, all around archived, verifiable 2. This is the reason, in view of genuine musicianship, I seldom contact the piano in my homeroom. Which means: veritable, bona fide, genuine, real 3. An Australian forklift driver who a few history specialists contended was the genuine beneficiary to the British seat has kicked the bucket in the little New South Wales town he called home. Which means: legitimate, real, lawful, legal, approved 4. A genuine friendhas your absolute best advantages on a fundamental level. Which means: steadfast, dedicated, consistent, gave, firm dependable, solid, reliable 5. The ensemble student of history sees the historical backdrop of dress as a genuine impression of culture Which means: precise, consistent with life, unwavering, genuine, practical 6. Genuine atonement is constantly described by at any rate three things Which means: earnest, certified, genuine, unfeigned, ardent On the other hand, genuine may be actually the word you need. Here are a few figures of speech that contain the word valid: valid as steel: faithful and reliable genuine nature: character attributes regularly hid by one’s everyday conduct genuine romance: love that doesn't adjust when it modification finds sound accurate: to sound likely (like the expected tone of a ringer that has been thrown appropriately) time tested: deserving of trust in light of past constancy valid up: fix something exactly as expected: as indicated by design or past conduct honest to goodness: absolutely reliable consistently Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowReplacement for and substitution ofThe Pied in The Pied Piper

Word Counter Keyword Density Feature

Word Counter Keyword Density Feature One of the many Word Counter features writers often find useful is Keyword Density. This feature can be found below the Details feature in the right sidebar of the website. Keyword Density gives writers an understanding of the words they are using most frequently which allows them to make any necessary adjustments to their word use frequency. Keyword Density has a default setting for all those who come to the site for the first time. The ten words most frequently used words in the writing will appear in the sidebar excluding common words. For those who want more control over Keyword Density, you can make several changes to better customize it to your liking. To do this, you can click the options symbol directly to the left of the words Keyword Density in the right sidebar. You can also access the options by clicking on the Options Button (at the bottom right of the Word Counter text area), then clicking on Keyword Density. Your first option is a checkbox which allows you to decide whether or not you want any keywords displayed or not. If keyword information isnt useful to you, you can uncheck the box and they wont display in your sidebar. If you want them to display, keep the checkbox checked. The next option you have is to determine the number of keywords you want displayed in the sidebar. The default is 10 words, but you can increase or decrease that number to your desired level. For example, you could choose to only display the top 5 words by inputting 5 or you could display the top 20 words be entering 20. You can change this as many times as you want depending on what you happen to be writing at the time. The last option allows you to decide whether or not you want to include common words in the keyword density display. The default is to exclude these (such as I, am, he, she, your, etc.), but if you want to include them, you can check the box and they will show up. By using the different options available, you can better customize the Keyword Density information to meet your specific writing needs. The information can be quite helpful for those who are writing for themselves or others with specific search engine optimization (SEO) goals in mind, but can also be quite useful to the average writer. Using this feature can help you see what words you may be using excessively so that you can vary them in your writing more. If nothing else, it can be interesting to see what words you use the most when you write. We are always looking to improve the different aspects of this site. If you feel there is something we could do to make the Keyword Density feature better or more useful to writers, please feel free to contact us or leave a comment. Many of the current features were past recommendations from users and we do listen to the suggestions you offer. (Photo courtesy of Cristian Cardenas)

Public Colleges Must Select A Market Strategy - 1037 Words

Identify Target Markets Public colleges must select a market strategy, which maintains balance between effectively meeting the needs of the target students, and operating the college efficiently. The increased competition among colleges and decreased resources are more intense, which identifying target students are more important. The market segmentation means to divide the total market for educational services into different subsets, which are: demographic, geographic, psychographic, and behavioral. Targeting marketing involves deciding which educational subsections the college will focus on. The demographics, students average age range from 18 to 40 years old. The campus consists of students from many different backgrounds. The gender of the college; consists of 64% women, and 36% men. The geographic is the tri-county area, Marion, Citrus, and Levy counties. The psychographics of the students are: sports, drama and theatre, musical theatre, political activity, student newspaper, an d literary magazine. The behavioral emphasizes the motivation of the student. The vertical axis, college attracts students, from the perspective of the economy buyer. The horizontal axis, represent the career learner, socio-improvement learner, leisure-learner, and ambivalent learner. The career learner, a student’s primary educational motivation is career-oriented. The Socio-improvement learner, the student’s motive is to improve the mind, self-actualization is the major motive. TheShow MoreRelatedBusiness and Economy Discussion Questions1504 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Business and Economy Discussion Questions 1. Business plays a critical role in the economy. In order to understand this relationship, one must understand the relationship between macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics is the field of economics that studies the behavior of the aggregate economy. Macroeconomics  examines economy-wide phenomena such as changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, gross domestic product, inflation and price levels (Investopedia, 2011). InRead MoreFacebook s Strategies For Future Growth Essay905 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough a series of innovative strategies. However, Facebook is plagued by privacy concerns in sharing of user personal data. Consequently, Facebook must takes steps to regain and maintain confidence of its stakeholders. Moreover, various strategies must be employed for Facebook to remain a leader in this industry. Accordingly, the following annexures detail Facebook’s strategies for initial growth, it’s privacy challenges, improvements for st akeholder confidence, and strategies for future growth. AnnexRead MoreSwot Analysis : The Internal And External Environment Of A Firm1658 Words   |  7 Pagesadvantages, firms have to understand the source of their strengths and focus resources on developing them. Second, SWOT has a too narrow focus on the external environment. Often, a firm s future growth comes from peripheral or emerging parts of the market. Third, SWOT is static. Over time, all aspects of a firm s environment may change, and SWOT does not offer insights into the processes that cause the change, or how a firm needs to adapt to a dynamic environment. Fourth, SWOT may overemphasize singleRead MoreEssay on Secrecy at Apple1000 Words   |  4 Pages It designs, manufactures, and markets mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players (Apple, 2011). The company sells its products worldwide through branded retail and online stores, as well as through third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, and retailers (Reisinger , 2008). Even with Apples proven success records, one factor that I think Apple should consider as the company develops a long-term strategy for growth is to work on loweringRead MoreEastern Michigan University : Community University1025 Words   |  5 PagesEastern Michigan University Eastern Michigan University is public university located in relatively unknown city of Ypsilanti, Michigan. Ypsilanti is east of Ann Arbor and west of Detroit. The university was originally founded in 1849, but today is one of the state’s most popular higher learning institutions. There are seven academic divisions that offer over two hundred undergraduate degrees through the popular Colleges of Business, Education, Technology and Human Services. There are 5,000 graduateRead MoreBlackberry Limited s Current Market Position And Strategy1533 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary The goal of this report is to analyze BlackBerry Limited’s current market position and strategy, as well as identify opportunities the company may have to be successful in the future. Research from scholarly journals, along with financial statements and information from the company’s website, were used to derive information and support for this report. The results from my research indicate that BlackBerry has been on a downward slope since the introduction of the first iPhoneRead More Career Management in the 21st Century Essay1484 Words   |  6 Pagesteachers and guidance counselors should explain what classes need to be taken in order to enter college. By the time one reaches their senior year, their career path(s) and a career outline that supports the path should be determined. In addition, a realistic set of goals should be created. An individual should research the best school that meets their career choices, know what college classes must be taken, and last ly they should began researching jobs for the chosen career(s) choice. HoweverRead MoreNew Product Entry Strategies1678 Words   |  7 PagesNEW PRODUCT ENTRY STRATEGIES BY SASHANK IYER - 18 MMS Once a product is developed, effectively product launch becomes the critical step to its success. The Product Launch Process must address all the steps necessary to start volume production, plan and execute marketing activities, develop needed documentation, train sales and support personnel (internal and external), fill channels, and prepare to install and support the product. Below we have given ten different examples of newRead MoreCareer Path Choice : Chief Executive Officer1564 Words   |  7 Pagesfinally a real and personal insight of the career by the opinion of a guest. Introduction A Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the highest ranking executive in a company whose main responsibilities include developing and implementing high-level strategies, making major corporate decisions, managing the overall operations and resources of a company, and acting as the main point of communication between the board of directors and the corporate operations (Investopedia [APA], n.d.). To be more specificRead MoreHRM 531 Recruitment and Selection Stratagies Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ June 27, 2014 HRM531 Landslide Limousine has given us the opportunity to help them develop their recruitment and selection strategies. Recruiting and selecting the right candidate can be a very overwhelming process. In this document I have put together a series of recommendation that I believe will help the process become a lot less stressful. My recommendation will cover the following areas †¢ Organizational goals †¢ Forecasted demographic changes †¢ Workforce diversity objectives †¢ Organizational

James Madison and the Slavery Issue Essay - 2515 Words

James Madison and the Slavery Issue The Revolutionary period of the United States was a time filled with much turmoil and confusion as to how this newly found nation, should be modeled. Many delicate issues were discussed and planned out to get the best outcome for all concerned. One of these issues that cast an ominous shadow over the new republic was the slavery issue. Some of the most prominent figures at the head of this nation wanted to bring about an end to it but continuously failed due to the inconvenience of finding a workable plan. The topic of this paper is a man who is thought to have little to do with the slavery issue but played a relatively large role. James Madison although a slave owner himself wanted to rid the†¦show more content†¦The sheriff who carried out Eves sentence was the great uncle of Madison, Thomas Chew. His father related this story to Madison. Although these events may not have had quite an effect on Madison, the efforts of his parents were very influential. During Mad isons youth, slavery combined the personal ease of the master with a life long consideration for the servant, (Brant, 1:44). Clement Eaton, author of A history of the Old South, describes many southerners as having a guilty conscience over slavery. It is uncertain whether Madison suffered from this but he did respect the slaves owned by his family. This respect was carried by Madison throughout his life and is often pointed to in the writings of his personal servant, Paul Jennings. After Madisons death he wrote that, [Mr. Madison] often told the story, that one day riding home from court with old Tom Barbour (father of Governor James Barbour) they met a colored man who took off his hat. Mr. M replied, I never allow a Negro to excel me in politeness, (Jennings, p.19-20). Madison would often write home asking about the family which to him included the slaves. One of the first direct references to slavery in Madisons writings came in a letter to Joseph Jones. In this letter, Mad ison responds to Jones idea of offering slaves as a bonus to those who fight in the war for independence. Madison respondsShow MoreRelatedEssay on James Madison1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Founding Brother: James Madison The American Revolution emerge, and new ideas and changes were made from the Founding Brothers. The Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation...were all made and edit from the Founding Brothers. One of the Founding Brothers, did not experience the American revolution. James Madison, a federalist who was a republican-democratic had many goals he wanted to achieved. He looked back and was able to see what aspects of were done wrong and try toRead MoreFounding Brothers The Revolutionary Generation Chapter Summary1467 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery and the slave trade is rarely addressed as more than the Emancipation Proclamation or the shining moments of Abraham Lincoln in classroom textbooks these days. However, the debate over slavery vastly predates the Civil War and was found to be a consistent topic of deliberation amongst the leaders of our nation when drafting the Constitution. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation, Chapter 3: The Silence, highlights th e monumental political and economical debate over the tight-lippedRead MoreFounding Brothers1172 Words   |  5 PagesBrothers all had extremely different personalities, collaborating led to cooperating. The second reason was that all the Founding Brothers were part of every aspect of each other’s lives. The third reason is that they knew that some problems, such as slavery, couldn’t not be covered at the time. The fourth reason is that they knew making history would be criticized by future generations which kept them on a good behavior. 5. Why does Ellis refer to the individuals as Founding Brothers not FoundingRead MoreDecision Of Philadelphia The Constitutional Convention Of 1787 By Christopher Collier And James Collier1318 Words   |  6 PagesIn the book â€Å"Decision in Philadelphia the Constitutional Convention of 1787† by Christopher Collier and James Collier present an exclusive glance at the creating of the Constitution and the events that made the Constitution the way people know it today. Christopher and James Collier begin with historical events that led up to Constitutional creation and a brief summation of the events that were taking place in the country during that time frame. The background that they give provides a good baseRead MoreJames Monroe And The American Revolution1686 Words   |  7 PagesJames Monroe, born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, to Spence Monroe and his wife Elizabeth Jones Monroe, was a very prominent man in history. James Monroe was also a very ambitious man who would, at most times, be a potential rival to many of his close companions in the presidential elections. He was the seventh Secretary of State, served as a member of the Congress of the Confederation, served as a U.S. Senator, served as the governor of Virginia, and was the fifth U.S. president. Monroe alsoRead MoreJoseph John Ellis : An American Historian And Professor1260 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States. He developed his book by considering certain events during the decade that followed the 1787 Constitutional Convention to the depict history as it was being developed. Ellis examines how a group of talented though flawed individuals (James Madison, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Hamilton, Adam, Benjamin Franklin, and Aaron Burr) confronted the overwhelming challenges before setting the foundation of United States (4). In 1790, American had a fragile hope, and reality was uncertainRead MoreGeneral Welfare Essay1677 Words   |  7 Pageslaw. Why was it used, and what was its pedigree to those who decided to put it in the Constitution, and how it was viewed by those who ratified it. Throughout all of these discussion from the Articles of Confederation to Thomas Jefferson’s and James Madison’s letters a few things become relatively evident about general welfare. It’s origin is directly from the Articles of Confederation. In those Articles, the term carried no weight of power at all, but used to describe the purpose of the followingRead MoreAnalysis Of George Washingtons Farewell Speech1450 Words   |  6 Pagesperiod. Chapter 2: The Dinner Identifications: â€Å"Father of the Constitution† (Ellis 52) refers to Madison since he helped mobilize the Constitutional Convention, and argued for a stronger national government. â€Å"a Euphrates flowing through paradise.† – Fisher Ames of Massachusetts said Madison was under some delusion, and confused the Potomac as â€Å"a Euphrates flowing through paradise† (Ellis 72). Madison and many of the Southerners wished to make Potomac the capital due to its equidistant location fromRead MoreFounding Brothers : The Revolutionary Generation903 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Generation consists six stories, each of them focuses on a significant creative achievement or failure of seven important men of the early United States. They are George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin, and Aaron Burr. Joseph Ellis has depicted these founding brothers – or founding fathers - in their efforts to lay the republic’s foundation of the most liberal nation – states in the history of Western Civilization. The firstRead More Joseph J. Ellis Founding Brothers : The Revoluntary Generation654 Words   |  3 Pagesreader understand both mens motives. The dinner which Thomas Jefferson held for Alexander Hamilton and James Madison in June 1790. This featured one of the greatest political compromises in American history. The silence throughout our formative years given to the most explosive subject of all - slavery. This was the most gripping chapter for me, since Ive always wondered why the slavery issues wasnt tackled head-on at our nations founding. The farewell address given by George Washington

Project Management in the Automotive Industry A Critical...

The chapter ‘Project Management in the Automotive Industry’ by Christophe Midler and Christian Navarre from The Wiley Guide to Managing Projects (September 2004) traces the inception and transformation of project management in the automotive industry from the post-war period to the early years of the new millennium. It is an interesting article which categorizes the period into four phases on the basis of organizational structure and strategy pertinent to most of the automotive manufacturers in each era. This classification helps the authors elaborate on the change in corporate structures and relationships within the organization and with their subcontractors over the years. Examples of leading car manufacturers have shown how project†¦show more content†¦Rather than the traditional vertical organizational structure, this phase can be better represented by a matrix chart which includes the parent organizations, allied organizations, subsidiaries, brands and subc ontractors. Nevertheless, a visual representation of matrix organizations has challenged managers due to the complexities of secondary relationships within the matrix. The characteristics of each phase of automotive project management have thus been explained elaborately. In fact, the time periods have been chosen aptly since there is a clear differentiation of one phase from another. But since the underlying causes for change have not been discussed, there seems to be a discontinuity between the phases. Market trends and customer demands play a major role in determining the decisions taken by car manufacturers and are today the driving force behind product innovation. This competitive environment which, as stated by the authors in the introduction, largely influences product management strategies, has not been discussed. Simultaneously, the regional economic health and prices of commodities such as oil and steel which drive the automotive industry influence corporate strategies. The facts and arguments presented in this article would be better understood if accompanied byShow MoreRelatedProject Management : The Automotive Industry Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract. The automotive industry is a wide field of connecting many engineering and scientific fields together in one systematic place. A lot of changes has occurred on this field since it came into existence. Because it’s a whole system of science and engineering, it is affected by a lot of factors and needs to adapt according to changes in these factors. This paper provides a critical review of chapter fifty-five of ‘Project management in the automotive industry’ by Christophe Midler, and ChristianRead MoreA Comparative Literature Review On Knowledge Management834 Words   |  4 PagesCETM11 A Comparative Literature Review Paper 1 1. What is the research/telling question or questions? Knowledge Management In Project Environments, is the title of this paper. The paper is basically talking about the importance of the Project Management Knowledge, also known as, PKM, that is increasingly popular within temporary organisations such as handling a project or managing a company of a particular industry. Also, the challenges of knowledge management in project environment are that there isRead MoreScience And Technology : An Age Of Cognitive Technology1189 Words   |  5 Pagestowards merging technology with human intelligence to create an age of Cognitive Technology. I want to contribute to that age of evolution in one way or the other. Thus, a M.S. degree in Embedded Systems (with emphasis on Embedded Software for Life-critical Applications) is the logical culmination of my passion for Embedded Systems and Electronics in general. I earned my undergraduate degree in Electronics and Communication [Elective – Embedded System Design] from Visvesvaraya Technological UniversityRead MoreOccuopotional Safety and Health Administration (Osha) Practices and Osha Performance in Malaysian Automotive Industry2113 Words   |  9 PagesIN MALAYSIAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY GHANIM Mohmed Adeil University Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering, Malaysia Mohamedadil88@yahoo.com Keywords: OSHAP; OSHAPM; Safety Performances; Financial Performances; Malaysian Automotive Industry. Summary This paper review the issues of the occupational safety and health administration practices (OSHAP) and occupational safety and health administration performances (OSHAPM) that affect the practices in Malaysian Automotive Industry. In additionRead Morelateral collaboration and vertical coll1740 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide an example of the use of lateral collaboration and vertical collaboration within the organization, and prepare an action plan to use lateral and vertical collaboration. A vertical organization tends to be structured in terms of employee and management collaboration. Since decisions travel up and down the organizational chart, collaboration between employees and managers on company processes or issues happens in a very structured setting that includes meetings and constant monitoring. BecauseRead MoreThe Federal Mogul Goetze Limited1210 Words   |  5 Pagescommercial, automotive, off-highway vehicles, heavy-duty, as well as in generation of power, marine, aerospace, industrial and rail. Operations Company’s Net income in the year ended December 31, 2013 was 241.5 million dollars as compared to 250 million dollars in the year ending with December 31, 2012. The Net profit of the company was after Tax was 4.3 million dollars during the year under review as compared to the 3.4 million dollars Net loss in the year 2012. During the year 2013, the industry dealingRead MoreSupply Chain Management: Nissan Cogent Case Study2669 Words   |  11 Pages2012 - 2013 Maryam Ali Tahir SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT EARLY SUPPLIER INVOLVEMENT AND CODEVELOPMENT: NISSAN COGENT CASE STUDY SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Table of Contents 1- INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 3 2- DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................................... 3 3- KEY THEORETICAL POINTSRead MoreManagement Information System Tata Motor3694 Words   |  15 Pagesholding; the rest is held by Hitachi Construction Machinery Company, Japan. * Tata Technologies provides specialised engineering and design services, product lifecycle management and product-centric information technology services. * Tata Motors (Thailand) is a joint venture between Tata Motors (70 percent) and Thonburi Automotive Assembly Plant Co (30 percent) to manufacture and market the company’s pickup vehicles in Thailand. * Tata Cummins manufactures high horsepower engines used in theRead MoreBranding in the Automotive Industry: a Comparative Study Between Bmw and Audi3083 Words   |  13 Pages ------------------------------------------------- Branding in the Automotive Industry: A Comparative Study Between BMW and Audi ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 2. Background ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- BMW and Audi are two of the most recognized brands in the automotive industry globally. Being well known trademarks, their pricing diversity is highRead MoreMergers and Acquisitions in Automobile Industry9279 Words   |  38 PagesTopic 3 2.3 Statement of Purpose 3 3.1 Introduction to Mergers Acquisitions in Automotive Industry 4 3.2 Rationale of research project 4 3.3 Statement of Research Objectives 4 4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 5 4.1 Mergers Acquisitions 5 4.2 Recent Trends in Automotive Mergers Acquisitions 5 4.3 Debates in the field of M A 6 4.4 Key Research components 6 4.5. Schematic Diagram 7 5. LITERATURE REVIEW 8 5.1 Mergers Acquisitions 8 5.2 Types of Mergers Acquisitions 8 5.3 Advantages

Blaxploitation Essay Example For Students

Blaxploitation Essay The Emergence of ColourIn todays culturally diverse, politically correct society, it is hard to believe that at one time racism was not only accepted as the norm, but enjoyed for its entertainment value. Individuals of African descent in North America today take the large, diverse pool of opportunities offered by the film industry for granted. Much like Canadian theatre however, there was a time when a black man in any role, be it servant or slave, was virtually unheard of. It took the blaxpliotation films of the early nineteen seventies to change the stereotypical depiction of Black people in American Cinema, as it took The Farm Story, performed by a small troop of Canadian actors, to create a Canadian theatre industry. To be more specific, it took the release of Melvin Van Peebles, Sweet Sweetbacks Baadasssss Song, in 1971, to change the tradition view of Black people in American film. Porters tom was the first in a long line of socially acceptable Good Negro characters. Always as toms are chased, harassed, hounded, flogged, enslaved, and insulted, they keep the faith, ner turn against their massas, and remain hearty, submissive, stoic, generous, selfless, and oh-so-very kind.(Bogle,4)The early silent period of cinema introduced five basic archetypes for Black characters: the Tom, the Coon, the Tragic Mulatto, the Mammy, and finally, the Brutal Black Buck.Americas first Black character found manifestation as the aforementioned Uncle Tom in Edwin S. Porters, Uncle Toms Cabin, which was released in 1903. The paradox was that in actuality Tom wasnt Black at all. Instead he was portrayed by a nameless, slightly overweight actor made up in blackface.(Boggle, 4) This was a common practice developed by the theater, and carried over, as were many of the acting techniques, to silent film. Toms presence, and the appearance of the four negro archetypes which were to follow, s erved the same purpose: to entertain by stressing negro inferiority.(Boggle, 4)Although having no positive effect on the status of Black people in America socially, the tom character opened the door for Black actors in cinema. Sam Lucas became the first black man to be cast in a leading role as a tom, and in 1927, Universal Pictures signed James B. Lowe, a handsome black actor, for the lead role in the Universal Pictures production of Uncle Toms Cabin. Lowe was chosen to play the part because film director Harry Pollard, a former blackface actor, believed he fit in with the realistic demands of the times(Bogle, 6)Tom was to be followed by the coon, although he remained the cinematic negro character favorite. Where tom was an endearing character, the coon provided audiences an object of amusement. Two variants of the coon soon emerged: the pickaninny and the uncle ramus.(Bogle, 7) The Pickanny was the first coon type to appear in cinemas. Generally, he was a harmless, little screwball creation whose eyes popped, whose hair stood on end with the least excitement, and whose antics were pleasant and diverting.(Bogle, 7) The Pickaninny provided audiences with an amusing diversion, and soon found his way into the hearts of the mass audience. Next to debut was the pure coon, a no-account nigger, whose unreliable, crazy, lazy nature was good for nothing but eating and causing trouble. This character found its pinnacle of success in Rastus, a good-for-nothing negro featured in a series of films released between 1910 and 1911. The final coon brother would emerge as the eager to please metaphoric cousin to the tom. Quaint, and nave, the Uncle Ramus character distinguished himself through his comic philosophizing.(Bogle,8)In general, the cinematic coon was used to indicate the Black mans contentment with his submissive position in society. Also emerging around this time period is the tragic mulatto: a negro light enough to pass for white, who must fight against the negro taint to either rise above his colour, or fall victim to it. .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861 , .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861 .postImageUrl , .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861 , .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861:hover , .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861:visited , .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861:active { border:0!important; } .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861:active , .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861 .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u486ff55f6146b543580e1186e6379861:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Basics of Genetics and Genetic Engineering EssayMammy, a character closely related to the comic coon, was the next to emerge. Headstrong and abundantly female, Mammy debuted around 1914. The Mammy role would be perfected by Hattie McDaniel in the 1930s. From the mammy roles emerged the Aunt Jemima, a male or female character who had a bit more tact and were, for the most part, sweet and congenial. The final archetype emerged in D.W. Griffiths The Birth of a Nation (1915). Depicting life before and after the civil war, all four archetypes are present in this film. It depicts renegade negroes who overpower the good-hearted, white southerners and impart on a path of lechery, vulgarity and crime. The ultimate goal of these wild beast-men is sexual dominance of the pure, innocent white women. At the films conclusion, the white men of the invisible empire ride in to save the day and restore white supremacy in the South. Proudly discriminating, D. W. Griffith, touted as one of the fore-fathers of cinema, uses his film mastery to show audiences what happens when slaves get uppity. The five archetypes would rule in black cinema for the next 50 years. Although Black films did emerge, it was for the most part produced by white production companies for a black audiences. Black Independent production companies such as the Ebony Motion Picture Company began to emerge in the 20s, but the stereotypes and subject matter stayed the same. A common theme of social climbing, the ultimate goal of the negro being suburban living, dominating Black theatres.(Cham, 20)Throughout the 30s and 40s the gangster films rose to the fore, usually depicting gun-totting, slick-talking negros, entent on making it big. Despite the presence of Black independent filmmakers such as George Randall, African American issues were essentially ignored. The 50s and 60s brought social unrest and the Civil Rights Movement brought a need for films with a stronger message. The archetypes of the 20s and thirties were no longer acceptable, and the few Hollywood race films (which usually starred Sidney Poitier), were no longer adequate. Hollywood was still unable to discern or depict the full spectrum of Black American life and culture.(Cham, 21)In 1971, Black film experienced an epiphany. It came in the form of a low-budget, badly made French film by the name of Sweet Sweetbacks Baadasssss Song. It was created almost entirely by one Black man- Melvin Van Peebles. This marked a radical change in Black cinema. In 1971, Melvin van Peebles dropped a bomb. Sweet Sweetbacks Baadasssss Song was not polite. It raged, it screamed, it provoked. Its reverberations were felt throughout the country. In the Black community it was both hailed and denounced for its sexual rawness, its macho hero, and its depiction of the community as downpressed and in need of rescue.(Diawara, 118)Van Peebles film sparked an explosion of what would become known asblaxploitation films. What Sweet Sweetback Baadassss Song did was interpret Black Stereotypes differently. He, and other Black directors of the time, took the Black Buck, Coon, and Mammy stereotypes of the era before and modernized them. Mammy lost weight and grew an afro, becoming the ultra-stylish diva which was personified best by actress Pam Grier. The Black Buck emerged dominant, ready to fight his historical oppressors. Blaxploitation films acted as a cleansing process, through which black films were eventually able to accurately depict the African American experience. Directors such as Spike Lee and Jon Singleton were able to create race films which confronted the serious urban issues of the time, without using old stereotypes.It is important to note, however, that Sweet Sweetback is not considered a blaxpoitation film, as it is too artistic to be considered such. Rather, Melvin Van Peebles first film was the catalyst for the cleansing blast. .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2 , .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2 .postImageUrl , .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2 , .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2:hover , .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2:visited , .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2:active { border:0!important; } .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2:active , .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2 .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud568d64f58da1b02bde374654cb03ed2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Novel That I Chose To Do This Report On Was, The Plague, By Albert EssayThe Farm story marked a point in time- before it there was no Canadian identity in theatre, after it there was. In the same fashion, Melvin Van Peebles movie marked the moment when African Americans reclaimed their identity. They were no longer content with the cinematic roles offered to them, and so they began to create their own. Although blaxploitation films were later commercialized, their intent and result stayed consistent, and have created the ethno-conscious cinema industry we find today. BibliographyBogle, Donald. Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks. New York: VikingPress, 1973. Cham, Mbye B. Blackframes. Cambridge: The Mit Press, 1988. Cripps, Thomas. Making Movies Black. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Diawara, Manthia. Black American Cinema. New York: Routledge, 1993. Lead, Daniel J. From Sambo to Superspade. Boston: Houghton MifflinCompany, 1976. Morton, Jim. Am I Black Enough for You? Blaxploitation. 20 Sept. 1998. 22 Nov. 1998. Patterson, Lindsay. Black Films and Film-Makers. New York: Dodd, Mead Company, 1975. Sampson, Henry T. Blacks in Black and White: A Source Book on Black Films. New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press Inc., 1977.

The Sun Rising by John Donne and Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress are both poems concerned with love Essay Example

The Sun Rising by John Donne and Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress are both poems concerned with love Essay The Sun Rising by John Donne and To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell are both love poems written in the 17th Century, although they have both been written in contrasting formats. In this essay I will be discussing how John Donne and Andrew Marvell have approached the topic of the love and decide which poem I find most effective. John Donne and Andrew Marvells women both seem to be very important to them and for similar reasons. John Donne treats his woman as a trophy for his male ego; Shes all states, and all Princes I; Nothing else is. This shows that although it is obvious that she is very important to him, she seems as more of an accessory this is because physical love is more important than spiritual love to John Donne because as they have already consummated their love he would rather stay in bed with her than do anything else. Busy old fool, unruly Sun, Why dost thou thus, Through windows and through curtains call on us? Must to thy motions lovers seasons run? Andrew Marvell also views physical love as being more important than spiritual love because he wouldnt love his mistress if she was ugly, And your quaint honour turn to dust, and into ashes all my lust. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sun Rising by John Donne and Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress are both poems concerned with love specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Sun Rising by John Donne and Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress are both poems concerned with love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Sun Rising by John Donne and Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress are both poems concerned with love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, Andrew Marvell is aware that his mistress deserves to be adored, so after having said that he would devote thirty thousand years to worshipping every part of her, he then goes on to say: And the last age should show your heart; For, Lady, you deserve this state, Nor would I love at lower rate. Another sign that Andrew Marvell may actually love his mistress is that although he doesnt say her name, he refers to her as mistress in the title; when the poem was written, mistress was a term used for an object of desire this could prove that despite the initial reaction to Andrew Marvells poem, he could really prefer spiritual love, although he could just be trying to flatter his mistress. Time is an important issue in both poems, yet both poets have different views of the importance of time. In The Sun Rising by John Donne, he makes it clear that he believes that when you are in love, time should not be an issue. Love, all alike, no seasons knows, nor clime, nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time. John Donne also seems to not be looking into the future, because whereas Andrew Marvell tends to focus on death, John Donne is focused on that particular moment, and that moment happens to be when he would like more time in bed with his lover, this could also make John Donne look arrogant. Andrew Marvell however, treats time as more of a threat and an annoyance to him and his mistress. Had we but world enough, and time, this coyness lady, were no crime. Andrew Marvells fear of time can be seen as a compliment to his mistress because he is scared of time because when time runs out and they die, they will be parted permanently. The style and tone of To his Coy Mistress is very negative, its shows how pessimistic Andrew Marvell can be. Andrew Marvell is also very blunt and straight to the point, And now, like amorous birds of prey, rather at once our time devour than languish in his slow-chapt power. This also shows how passionate Andrew Marvell was when he wrote the poem, which can be a compliment to his mistress. However, although he has written the poem in a way that does compliment his mistress, it isnt very personal, so it could be that he is going to use this poem for any mistress that he may have at any time. John Donne took a completely different approach to Andrew Marvells sensitive yet blunt approach; John Donne is aggressive and argumentative, Busy old fool, unruly sun. He is also threatening, I could eclipse and cloud them with a wink. John Donne is also witty and shows how clever he is by having an argument with the sun (this is the conceit in the poem), and since thy duties be to warm the world , thats done in warming us. This also shows John Donnes sarcasm. One of the main themes in To His Coy Mistress is carpe diem (seize the day). This shows his awareness that death is inevitable, so he believes that he and his mistress should cherish the time that they do have together. But at my back I always hear, Times winged chariot hurrying near; And yonder all before us lie, Deserts of vast eternity. This also shows that Andrew Marvell doesnt believe in life after death, so he must therefore value his time even more. The graves a fine and private place, But none, I think, do there embrace. Whereas John Donne takes an opposing view of the issue of life and death, and, unlike Andrew Marvells pessimistic approach, he is takes an optimistic attitude. I think that he has taken this approach because he seems to think that rather than worry that there isnt an afterlife, he should just live each day as it comes, and in this case all he wants to do is spend some more time with his lover because he believes that when two people are in love, time should n ot be an issues. Love, all alike, no seasons knows, nor clime, Nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time. John Donnes intention is to demonstrate how clever and witty he is. He also wants to show his lover that the point of living is to be in love, Shine here to us, and thou art everywhere. He also wants to show that he believes that social ranking is subordinate to love, he does this by showing how he thinks that he is far more important than the King, Go tell the court-huntsmen that the king will ride. Whereas Andrew Marvell has more sincere reasons to write this poem, he wants his mistress to realise how short time is, for her benefit and for his. He also doesnt want her to die as a virgin and to open up to him as they have little time left and he believes that it will be impossible for them to be together when they die, Had we but world enough and time, this coyness, lady, were no crime. My final reason as to why Andrew Marvell wrote the poem is because he wants to show off his skill as a poet so that he can impress his mistress. So in conclusion, I think that Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress is most effective as, although I question his intentions, he compliments his mistress in many ways, for example: he says that he is willing to spend thirty thousand years worshipping every part of her body, his desperation to value their time as time is running out is also flattering to his mistress because it shows that he is willing to spend the time he has left with her, rather than anyone else. I also think that To His Coy Mistress is more effective than The Sun Rising because in The Sun Rising John Donne looks quite arrogant and doesnt seem to care about his woman very much he seems more interested in himself and how he wants more time in bed. He also looks arrogant because he seems to think that he is more important than the king; Go tell the court-huntsmen that the king will ride. Another reason that Andrew Marvells poem is more effective than John Donnes is because John Donne makes it quite clear that all he is interested in is physical love, whereas Andrew Marvell seems to have an equal balance because although he makes it clear that he wants a physical relationship with his mistress, he also is aware that she needs to be and deserves to be adored, he shows this by after having said that he would spend thirty thousand years worshipping her, he goes on to say; And the last age should show your heart; For, Lady, you deserve this state, Nor would I love at lower rate. Andrew Marvell also has sincere reasons to write his poem, he wants his mistress to realise how short time is, for her benefit and for his. He also doesnt want her to die as a virgin and to open up to him as they have little time left and he believes that it will be impossible for them to be together when they die, Had we but world enough and time, this coyness, lady, were no crime.

Extraneous vs. Superfluous

Extraneous vs. Superfluous Extraneous vs. Superfluous Extraneous vs. Superfluous By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between extraneous and superfluous? Are they redundant to each other, and how do these terms relate to redundant and other synonyms? Extraneous, which stems from the Latin term extraneus (related to strange), means â€Å"irrelevant† or â€Å"nonessential, or â€Å"coming from or existing outside.† Extravagant means â€Å"beyond what is reasonable or appropriate,† with multiple corollary senses having to do with such qualities as cost or decoration; its second element is related to vagary and vagrant and means â€Å"wandering,† so the literal translation is â€Å"going beyond.† Extrinsic (from a Latin word meaning â€Å"from without†) is a direct synonym of extraneous. Superfluous (from Latin, and literally meaning â€Å"overflowing† the second part of the compound is related to fluid) means â€Å"extra, more than is necessary.† Supererogatory is identical in meaning to superfluous, with an additional sense of â€Å"done beyond what is required.† Supernumerary means â€Å"exceeding the usual,† â€Å"more numerous,† or â€Å"not what is usually included†; it is also used in noun form to refer to an extra person, especially in theater as a more formal equivalent of the film-production slang extra. The second element is from the same Latin term from which numeral and number are derived. Redundant has the same literal meaning as superfluous the second part of the compound is related to wave and is seen, slightly altered, in the word inundation and the identical basic connotation, though it also has the senses of repetition, abundance, or extravagance, or duplication as a safety measure. More quotidian synonyms include excess, spare, and surplus. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"Story Writing 101

Chemical Engineering Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chemical Engineering - Lab Report Example This is done in order to understand regime flow of gas-liquid and liquid-solid fluidization. Ceramic Raschig rings, air, and water are used as the respective solid, gas and liquid phases respectively. The experiment was done in a 2m-height, 100 mm ID vertical Plexiglas column. The column has 3 parts; the part of gas-liquid disengagement, test part and part of the gas-liquid distribution. Measurements of Bed pressure were made to estimate the least velocity of liquid fluidization. By maintaining the velocity of the gas, the liquid velocity is altered and the influence on expansion ratio, pressure drop, and least velocity of liquid fluidization was calculated for static bed height and various particle size and. Gas-Liquid-Solid-Phase fluidized beds are in most cases applicable in physical processes (Murayama, 2005). For instance, the process of a fixed bed, where both countercurrent and concurrent liquid and gas flow are permitted, and for either of these both flow of bubble, in which the gas flow is discrete, and dribble and the liquid is the continuous phase. This way, the gas forms a continuous phase and the liquid more or less dispersed (Epstein, 2009). Three-phase fluidization can be categorized largely into 4 modes. The first mode is mode I-a; co-current gas-liquid-solid –phase fluidization with liquid as the continuous phase co-current three-phase fluidization. The second mode is mode-I-b that is featured by gas as the continuous phase. The third being mode II-a; inverse three-phase fluidization. The fourth, TCA mode II-b fluidization has characteristics of a contact absorber that is turbulent. Modes II-b and II-a are attained by a flow of liquid and gas that is countercurrent. Amongst which the most striking one is the co-current three-phase fluidization with the liquid as the continuous phase (Murayama, 2005).

How collaborative media technologies can be used in the planning, Essay

How collaborative media technologies can be used in the planning, design, development and delivery of multimedia projects - Essay Example vious limitations in accessing media and sharing methods are now resolved through the implementation of the contemporary collaborative media and associated sharing and recommendation methods, because, the contemporary collaborative media methods utilize agents on media players/devices to enlarge the extent of media sharing situations (Lamoureux & Rehak, 2007). The method supports a client in finding out media items and which are appealing to the user. The collaborative media commendation and sharing method contemporaneously find out a users media preferences foundational on media stored on a group of media devices as well as suggest media for potential sharing foundational on these assessable regarding user preferences (Diercks-O’Brien & Sharratt, 2002). The emergence of new technology for the development, designing and planning has offered a huge number of advantages to developers. In addition, at the present, we have a lot of applications those are helpful in collaboration a nd mutual data sharing. A project is a collection of various similar activities. All the activities are involved with each other, especially in multimedia projects. So the collaboration is the main thing in the successful implementation or completion of a multimedia project. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the new and more effective aspects of the collaboration technology and it’s utilization for the better project development and implementation. This paper presents a detailed analysis and investigation of the collaborative media technologies that can be used in the planning, designing, development, and delivery of multimedia projects. According to Kellerman (2009) a multimedia project is a substantial task that requires effective planning, management and organization of tasks. In this scenario we need to pay greater attention to management and handling of the multimedia project. A successful outcome relies on the time as well as effort that we spend in planning the project in an

Wine Wars Essay Example for Free

Wine Wars Essay Global Wine War 2009: New World versus Old â€Å"We have the people, expertise, technology and commitment to gain global preeminence for Australian wine by 2025. It will come by anticipating the market, influencing consumer demand, and building on our strategy of sustainable growth. † — Sam Toley, CEO of Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation. â€Å"By phasing out the buyback of excess wine and increasing incentives for farmers to uproot their vines, the EC reforms will only bring in the New World’s agro-industry model. We need to protect the age-old European model built on traditional vineyards. † — Jean-Louis Piton, Copa-Cogeca Farmers Association. In 2009, these two views reflected some of the very different sentiments unleashed by the fierce competitive battle raging between traditional wine makers and some new industry players as they fought for a share of the $230 billion global wine market. Many Old World wine producers—France, Italy, and Spain, for example—found themselves constrained by embedded wine-making traditions, restrictive industry regulations, and complex national and European Community legislation. This provided an opportunity for New World wine companies—from Australia, the United States, and Chile, for instance—to challenge the more established Old World producers by introducing innovations at every stage of the value chain. In the Beginning1 Grape growing and wine making have been human preoccupations at least since the times when ancient Egyptians and Greeks offered wine as tributes to dead pharaohs and tempestuous gods. It was under the Roman Empire that viticulture spread throughout the Mediterranean region, and almost every town had its local vineyards and wine was a peasant’s beverage to accompany everyday meals. By the Christian era, wine became part of liturgical services, and monasteries planted vines and built wineries. By the Middle Ages, the European nobility began planting vineyards as a mark of prestige, competing with one another in the quality of wine served at their tables – the first niche market for premium wine. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Professor Christopher A. Bartlett prepared the original version of this case, â€Å"Global Wine Wars: New World Challenges Old (A),† HBS No. 303056, which is being replaced by this version prepared by the same author. This case was developed from published sources. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright  © 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to www. hbsp. harvard. edu/educators. This publication may not be digitized, photocopied, or otherwise reproduced, posted, or transmitted, without the permission of Harvard Business School. 910-405 Global Wine War 2009: New World versus Old Wine Production Tending and harvesting grapes has always been labor intensive, and one worker could typically look after only a three hectare lot. (1 hectare. = 2. 47 acres) The introduction of vineyard horses in the early 19th century led to vines being planted in rows and to more efficient tending and allowed one person to work a plot of 7 hectares. Yet despite these efficiencies, vineyards became smaller, not larger. Over many centuries, small agricultural holdings were continually fragmented as land was parceled out by kings, taken in wars, or broken up through inheritance. During the French Revolution, many large estates were seized, divided, and sold at auction. And after 1815, the Napoleonic inheritance code prescribed how land had to be passed on to all rightful heirs. By the mid-19th century, the average holding in France was 5. 5 ha. and was still being subdivided. (In Italy, similar events left the average vineyard at 0. 8 ha. ) While the largest estates made their own wine, most small farmers sold their grapes to the local wine maker or vintner. With payment based on weight, there was little incentive to pursue quality by reducing yield. Some small growers formed cooperatives, hoping to participate in wine making’s downstream profit, but grape growing and wine making remained highly fragmented. Distribution and Marketing Traditionally, wine was sold in bulk to merchant traders—negociants in France—who often blended and bottled the product before distributing it. But poor roads and complex toll and tax systems made cross-border shipping extremely expensive. In the early 19th century, for example, a shipment of wine from Strasbourg to the Dutch border had to pass through 31 toll stations. 2 And since wine did not travel well, much of it spoiled on the long journeys. As a result, only the most sophisticated negociants could handle exports, and only the rich could afford the imported luxury. Late 18th century innovations such as mass production of glass bottles, the use of cork stoppers, and the development of pasteurization revolutionized the industry. With greater wine stability and longevity, distribution to distant markets and bottle aging of good vintages became the norm. Increased vine plantings and expanded production followed, and a global market for wine was born. Regulation and Classification As the industry developed, it became increasingly important to the cultural and economic life of the producing countries. By the mid-18th century in France, grape growing supported 1. 5 million families and an equal number in wine-related businesses. Eventually, it accounted for one-sixth of France’s total trading revenue, and was the country’s second-largest export. The industry’s growing cultural and economic importance attracted political attention, and with it, laws and regulations to control almost every aspect of wine making. For example, Germany’s 1644 wine classification scheme prescribed 65 classes of quality, with rules for everything from ripeness required for harvesting to minimum sugar content. (Even in 1971, a law was passed in Germany requiring a government panel to taste each vineyard’s annual vintage and assign it a quality level. 3) Similar regulations prescribing wine-making practices also existed in France and Italy. Rather than resisting such government classifications and controls, producers often supported and even augmented them as a way of differentiating their products and raising entry barriers. For example, the current French classification system was created by a Bordeaux committee prior to the 1855 Exposition in Paris. To help consumers identify their finest wines, they classified about 500 vineyards into five levels of quality, from premier cru (first growth) to cinquieme cru (fifth growth). 2 Global Wine War 2009: New World versus Old 910-405 Because it helped consumers sort through the complexity of a highly fragmented market, this marketing tool soon gained wide recognition, leading the government to codify and expand it in the Appellation d’Origin Controllee (AOC) laws of 1935. These laws also defined regional boundaries and set detailed and quite rigid standards for vineyards and wine makers. 4 Eventually, more than 300 AOC designations were authorized, from the well known (Saint Emilion or Beaujolais) to the obscure (Fitou or St. Peray). (A similar classification scheme was later introduced in Italy defining 213 Denominazione di Origne Controllate (or DOC) regions, each with regulations prescribing area, allowed grape varieties, yields, required growing practices, acceptable alcohol content, label design etc. 5) Later, other wine regions of France were given official recognition with the classification of Vins Delimites de Qualite Superieure (VDQS), but these were usually regarded as of lower rank than AOC wines. Below VDQS were Vins de Pays, or country wine inexpensive but very drinkable wines for French tables, and increasingly, for export. These categories were quite rigid with almost no movement across them. This was due to a belief that quality was linked to terroir, the almost mystical combination of soil, aspect, microclimate, rainfall, and cultivation that the French passionately believed gave the wine from each region— and indeed, each vineyard— its unique character. But terroir could not guarantee consistent quality. As an agricultural product, wine was always subject to the vagaries of weather and disease. In the last quarter of the 19th century, a deadly New World insect, phylloxera, devastated the French vine stock. From a production level of 500 million liters in 1876, output dropped to just 2 million liters in 1885. But a solution was found in an unexpected quarter: French vines were grafted onto phylloxera-resistant vine roots native to the United States and imported from the upstart Californian wine industry. It was the first time many in the Old World acknowledged the existence of a New World wine industry. It would not be the last. Stirrings in the New World Although insignificant in both size and reputation compared with the well-established industry in traditional wine-producing countries, vineyards and wine makers had been set up in many New World countries since the 18th century. In the United States, for example, Thomas Jefferson, an enthusiastic oenologist, became a leading voice for establishing vineyards in Virginia. And in Australia, vines were brought over along with the first fleet carrying convicts and settlers in 1788. Nascent wine industries were also developing at this time in Argentina, Chile, and South Africa, usually under the influence of immigrants from the Old World wine countries. Opening New Markets While climate and soil allowed grape growing to flourish in the New World, the consumption of wine in these countries varied widely. It became part of the national cultures in Argentina and Chile, where per capita annual consumption reached about 80 liters in Argentina and 50 liters in Chile in the 1960s. While such rates were well behind France and Italy, both of which boasted per capita consumption of 110–120 liters in this era, they were comparable with those of Spain. Other New World cultures did not embrace the new industry as quickly. In Australia, the hot climate and a dominant British heritage made beer the alcoholic beverage of preference, with wine being consumed mostly by Old World immigrants. The U. S. market was more complex. In keeping with the country’s central role in the rum trade, one segment of the population followed a tradition of drinking hard liquor. But another group reflected the country’s Puritan heritage and espoused temperance or abstinence. (As recently as 1994, a Gallup survey found that 45% of U. S. respondents did not drink at all, and 21% favored a renewal of prohibition. ) As a result, in the pre-World War II era, wine was largely made by and sold to European immigrant communities. 3 910-405 Global Wine War 2009: New World versus Old In the postwar era, however, demand for wine increased rapidly in the United States, Australia, and other New World producers. In the United States, for example, consumption grew from a postprohibition per capita level of 1 liter per annum to 9 liters by 2006. In Australia the rate of increase was even more rapid, from less than 2 liters in 1960 to 24 liters by 2006. This growth in consumption was coupled with a growing demand for higher quality wines, resulting in a boom in domestic demand that proved a boost for the young New World wine industry. Challenging Production Norms. On the back of the postwar economic boom, New World wine producers developed in an industry environment different from their European counterparts. First, suitable land was widely available and less expensive, allowing the growth of much more extensive vineyards. As a result, in 2006, the average vineyard holding in the United States was 213 hectares and in Australia 167 hectares, compared to an Italian average of 1. 3 hectares, and 7. 4 hectares in France. 6 Unconstrained by tradition, New World producers also began to experiment with grape growing and winemaking technology. In Australia, controlled drip irrigation allowed expansion into marginal land and reduced vintage variability. (In contrast, irrigation was strictly forbidden in France under AOC regulations. ) The larger vineyards also allowed the use of specialized equipment such as mechanical harvesters and mechanical pruners which greatly reduced labor costs. Innovation also extended into viniculture where New World producers pursued techniques such as night harvesting to maximize grape sugars, while innovative trellis systems permitted vines to be planted at twice the traditional density. Other experiments with fertilizers and pruning methods increased yield and improved grape flavor. These innovations, when coupled with typically sunny climates, freed New World farmers from many of the stresses of their counterparts in regions like Bordeaux where the rainy maritime climate made late autumn harvests risky, and held wine producers hostage to wide year-to-year vintage variations. New World wine companies also broke many wine making traditions. Large estates usually had on-site labs to provide analysis helpful in making growing and harvest decisions. In the 1990s, some experimented with a reverse osmosis technology to concentrate the juice (or must), ensuring a deepercolored, richer-tasting wine. (Ironically, the technique was developed in France, but most French producers deplored it as â€Å"removing the poetry of wine. † Needless to say, it was a forbidden practice under AOC regulations. ) New World wine makers also developed processes that allowed fermentation and aging to occur in huge, computer-controlled, stainless steel tanks rather than in traditional oak barrels. To provide oak flavor, some added oak chips while aging their popular priced wines—another practice strictly forbidden in most traditional-producing countries. The economic impact of these and other innovations became clear in a comparison of the costs of production in the Langedoc region of France with the Riverina district in Australia, both big producers of popular priced wines. The French cost per tonne of â‚ ¬238 was 74% higher than the Australian cost of â‚ ¬137. 7 And South American grape costs were even lower, driving down the price of popular premium wine in Europe to â‚ ¬2 a bottle, while the French vins de pays was priced above â‚ ¬3. (Exhibit 1 shows the cost composition of a bottle of French wine. ) Reinventing the Marketing Model Beyond their experiments in growing and winemaking, New World producers also innovated in packaging and marketing. While the European targeted the huge basic wine market by selling the popular liter bottle of vin de table, the Australians developed the innovative â€Å"wine-in-a-box† package. Employing a collapsible plastic bag in a compact cardboard box with a dispensing spigot, the box’s 4 Global Wine War 2009: New World versus Old 910-405 shape and weight not only saved shipping costs, it also made storage in the consumer’s refrigerator more convenient. More recently, Australian producers began replacing cork stoppers with screw caps, even on premium wines. The logic was based not just on economics, but also on the fact that many wines, particularly the delicate whites, were susceptible to spoiling if corks were deficient. From their earliest experiences in the marketplace, New World producers learned the value of differentiating their products and making them more appealing to palates unaccustomed to wine. Several early products developed for unsophisticated palates were wildly successful—Ripple in the United States and Barossa Pearl in Australia, for example—but were dismissed by connoisseurs as evidence of the New World’s inferior winemaking skills. Yet these experiments provided valuable lessons in branding and marketing— skills that were rare in this industry prior to the 1970s. With wine showing the potential for mass appeal, in 1977 Coca-Cola acquired Taylor California Cellars. Other experienced consumer marketers such as Nestle, Pillsbury, and Seagram followed, and conventional wisdom was that their sophisticated marketing techniques would finally crack the last major largely unbranded consumer product. But the challenge proved more difficult than expected, and within a decade the outsiders had sold out. Yet their influence endured in the consumer focused attitudes and the sophisticated marketing skills they left behind. The other major change driven by New World companies occurred in distribution. Historically, fragmented producers and tight government regulations had created a long, multilevel value chain, with service providers in many of the links lacking either the scale or the expertise to operate efficiently. (See Exhibit 2 for a representation. ) In contrast, the large New World wine companies typically controlled the full value chain, extracting margins at every level and retaining bargaining power with increasingly concentrated retailers. And because their name was on the final product, they controlled quality at every step. To traditionalists, the New World’s breaks with established grape-growing and wine-making ways were sacrilege. They argued that in the drive for efficiency and consistency, and in the desire to cater to less sophisticated palates, New World producers had lost the character that came with more variable vintages made in traditional ways. And they were shocked that many of these â€Å"engineered products† were sold using appellation names— Chablis, Burgundy, Champagne, and so on. In response, the European Community (EC) passed regulations making such practices illegal. New World wine makers gradually adjusted by identifying their wines by the grape variety used, and eventually consumers recognized and developed preferences defined by the varietal name—cabernet sauvignon versus merlot, or chardonnay versus sauvignon blanc, for example. Indeed, many seemed to find this easier to understand than trying to penetrate the many complex regional designations that each of the traditional wine-producing countries had promoted. The Judgment of Paris On May 24, 1976, in a publicity-seeking activity linked to America’s Bicentenary, a British wine merchant set up a blind-tasting panel to rate top wines from France and California. Despite the enormous home field advantage of an event held in Paris with a judging panel of nine French wine critics, the American entries took top honors in both the red and white competitions. When French producers complained that the so called â€Å"The Judgment of Paris† was rigged, a new judging was held two years later. Again, Californian wines triumphed. 8. The event was a watershed in the industry. The publicity raised awareness that the New World produced quality wines, to the great shock of those who dismissed their innovative approaches. It was also a wake-up call to traditional producers, many of whom began taking their new challengers 5 910-405 Global Wine War 2009: New World versus Old seriously for the first time. Finally, it gave confidence to New World producers that they could compete in global markets. In short, it was the bell for the opening round in a fight for export sales. Maturing Markets, Changing Demand â€Å"The Judgment of Paris† signaled the start of many disruptive changes in wine industry during the last quarter of the 20th century. More immediately alarming for most traditional producers was a pattern of declining demand that saw a 20% drop in worldwide consumption from 1970 to 1990, and a subsequent flattening of demand. When combined with radical changes in consumer tastes, consolidation in the distribution channels, and shifts in government support, these trends presented industry participants with an important new set of opportunities and threats. Changing Global Demand Patterns. The most dramatic decline in demand occurred in the highest-consumption countries, France and Italy. In the mid-1960s, per capita annual consumption in both countries was around 110 to 120 liters; by 2005 it was about 50 litres. Key causes of the decline were a younger generation’s different drinking preferences, an older generation’s concern about health issues, and stricter drunk-driving penalties. Simultaneously, steep declines occurred in other major of wine drinking cultures—Spain dropped from 60 liters to 35, Argentina from 80 to 30, and Chile from 50 to 15. (See Exhibit 3.). During the same period, demand was growing in many wine-importing countries, although not fast enough to offset losses in Old World wine countries. From 1966 to 2005, per capita annual consumption in the United Kingdom rose from 3 to 20 liters, in Belgium from 10 to 26 liters, and in Canada from 3 to 10 liters. Even more promising was the more recent growth of new markets, particularly in Asia where consumption in China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and Thailand grew at double digit annual rates through the 1990s. In fact, by 2005, China had emerged as the worlds fifth wine consuming nation ahead of Spain, Argentina, and the U. K. (Exhibits 4 and 5 lists the world’s major consuming and producing nations). It was this shift in market demand that escalated the competition for export sales into a global wine war. (See Exhibit 6 for import and export data. ) Shift to Quality, Rise of Fashion Partially offsetting the overall volume decline was a growing demand for higher-quality wines. While the basic segment (less than $5 a bottle) still accounted for half the world market in volume, the premium ($5 to $7) and the super-premium ($7 to $14) now represented 40% of the total—and more than 50% of the market in younger markets such as the United States and Australia. (Exhibit 7 shows one version of price segmentation as defined by a leading industry analyst. ) The trend was worldwide. Even in Old World wine countries where total demand was in decline, consumption of premium wine kept rising. Despite government subsidies, per capita consumption of basic wine in the EU fell from 31 liters in 1985 to 18 liters in 2005, while demand for quality wine increased from 10 liters to 15 liters. In that same 20 year period, jug wine sales in the United States declined from 800 million to 600 million liters, while consumption of premium wines increased from 150 million to 600 million liters. With the shift to quality, a greater fashion element began to influence demand. The decline in importance of working families’ daily consumption of locally produced table wine was offset by upscale urban consumers who chose bottles on the basis of grape variety, vintage, source and increasingly fashion. The 1980s’ emphasis on lighter foods led to an increase in demand for white 6 Global Wine War 2009: New World versus Old 910-405 wines, making white wine spritzers (wine with soda water) a fashionable drink in the United States market. By the late 1980s, white wine represented over 75% of U. S. sales. This all changed following the 1991 publication of a medical report identifying red-wine as a partial explanation of the â€Å"French paradox†Ã¢â‚¬â€ low rates of heart disease in a population well known for its love of rich food. Featured on the U. S. television show 60 Minutes, the report soon led to an increase in demand, with red wine’s market share growing from 27% in 1991 to 43% five years later. Even within this broad trend of red versus white preference, the demand for different grape varieties also moved with fashion. During the white wine boom, chardonnay was the grape of choice, but by the late 1990s, Pinot Gris and Sauvignon Blanc were emerging white wine fashion favorites. In red wine, a love affair with Cabernet Sauvignon was followed by a mini-boom for Merlot, which in turn was succeeded by a demand spike for Pinot Noir. Such swings in fashion posed a problem for growers. Although vines had a productive life of 60 to 70 years, they typically took 3 to 4 years to produce their first harvest, 5 to 7 years to reach full productive capacity, and 35 years to produce top quality grapes. But New World wine regions had the capacity and the regulatory freedom to plant new varieties in new vineyards and could respond. For example, in the 1990s, the California acreage planted with chardonnay increased 36%, and merlot plantings increased 31%. As these various demand trends continued, the rankings of the world’s top wine companies underwent radical change. Despite their relative newness and the comparative smallness of their home markets, New World companies took nine slots in a list of the worlds top 15 wine companies, a list previously dominated by Old World companies. (See Exhibit 8 for the listing). Increasing Distribution Power Because marketing had typically been handled by their negociants, most Old World producers were still isolated from such fast-changing consumer tastes and market trends—particularly when they occurred in distant export markets. Equally problematic was their lack of understanding of the rapidly concentrating retail channels. In contrast, because most large New World wine companies controlled their distribution chain from the vineyard to the retailer, they were able to sense changes in consumer preferences and respond to shifts in distribution channels. Furthermore, the New World companies were able to capture even more economic advantage by him and reducing handling stages, holding less inventory, and capturing the intermediaries’ markup. Even the transportation economics that once favored European suppliers’ proximity to the huge United Kingdom market changed. As trucking costs rose, container-ship rates fell, making the cost of shipping wine from Australia to the UK about the same as trucking it from the south of France. Size also gave New World companies bargaining power in the sophisticated negotiations that a concentrated retail sector now demanded. For example, following the huge wine surpluses flooding the market in the early 2000s, Australian producers used their cost advantage to drive prices lower. But equally important in the battle for volume sales was their ability to respond to retailers’ need for a consistent supply of strong brands at a good price/quality ratio. 9 In the face of this head-on competitive challenge, the French tried to defend their position through frequent promotions. 10 But they were hampered by their lack of consumer knowledge and marketing skills. The Old World suppliers’ problems became clear from their dealings with Tesco, the worlds largest wine retailer with wine sales of ? 1. 5 billion in 2007. To maximize sales, Tesco emphasized that it wanted to work with creative suppliers. Dont just bring the deals, bring me innovation,† said Dan 7 910-405 Global Wine War 2009: New World versus Old Jago, Tesco’s Wine, Beer, and Spirits division head. If you want your prices to rise, you have to persuade customers why they should pay more. 11 While a handful of icon brands prospered at the top of the market based on image and quality, the fragmentation of Old World vineyards forced most to compete at the low end on price. When some chose to take on the New World brands under the umbrella of the AOC’s reputation, it soon became clear that they lacked the skills or resources to succeed in the last growth middle market. Tesco’s Jago complained that despite its once strong reputation, the Bordeaux â€Å"brand† was losing sway with younger consumers. Heaven knows Ive tried to help them, but our consumers have such infinite choice that they dont need to make [Bordeaux] part of it. 12 Ascendancy in of Brand Power. For years, the wine industry appeared ripe for branding. The extreme fragmentation of the European industry (Bordeaux alone had 20,000 producers) meant that few had the volume to support a branding strategy. Historically, only the handful of Old World producers whose wines achieved icon status—Lafite, Veuve Cliquot, and Chateau d’Yquem, for example—were recognized brands. But these appealed to the elite, who represented only a tiny fraction of the global market. In providing the consumer confidence that branding offers, government-supported classifications such as France’s AOC had been only partially successful. Their value was weakened not only by their complexity (in 2009 there were 327 designated AOC regions), but also by the erosion of consumers’ confidence in the classification scheme as an assurance of quality13. For example, Burgundy’s most famous vineyard, Chambertin, had its 32 acres divided among 23 proprietors. While most produced the high-quality wine that had earned its grand cru status, others rode on that reputation to sell—at $150 a bottle— legitimately labeled Chambertin that wine critic Robert Parker described as â€Å"thin, watery, and a complete rip-off. †14 As interest in wine extended beyond educated connoisseurs, new consumers in the fast-growing premium wine segment were faced with hundreds of options and often insufficient knowledge to make an informed—or even a comfortable—choice. Government classification schemes required them to have an understanding of the intricacies of region, vintage, and vineyard reputation, and even if they found a wine they liked, chances were that by their next purchase, that producer was not stocked or the new vintage was less appealing. Unsurprisingly, survey data in the early 1990s showed that 65% of shoppers had no idea what they would choose when they entered a wine store. Yet even in 2009, despite many attempts, no brand had been able to capture as much as 1% of the global wine market, in contrast to soft drinks, beer, and liquor, where global brands were dominant. Although European producers and their importing agents had successfully launched several mass appeal brands in the 1960s and 1970s (e. g., Blue Nun, Mateus, Liebfraumilch), a decade later New World producers had made branding a routine part of wine marketing. For example, by sourcing grapes from multiple vineyards and regions, Australian wine maker Penfolds built trust in its products by ensuring the vintage-to-vintage consistency that branding demanded. It then leveraged its trusted brand name by creating a hierarchy of Penfolds wines that allowed consumers to move up each step from $9 to $185 wines as their tastes—and their budgets–developed. (See Exhibit 9. ) New World producers who built their marketing expertise in their home markets during the 1960s and 1970s, learned how to respond to consumer preferences for the simpler, more fruit-driven wines that were easy to appreciate. They then took those wines and the marketing and branding skills they had developed at home into the export markets. By 2007, New World companies claimed 14 of the world’s top 20 wine brands. (See Exhibit 10). 8 Global Wine War 2009: New World versus Old 910-405. The Government Solution The radical shifts in demand proved extremely challenging to Old World producers. First, there was often no new land available to plant, particularly in controlled AOC regions. Equally restrictive were the regulations prescribing permitted grape varieties and winemaking techniques that greatly limited their flexibility. So, for example, when fashion switched away from sweeter white wines, the German wine industry which was constrained by tight regulations on sugar content, watched its exports drop from over 3 million hectoliters in 1992 to under 2 million just five years later. But the biggest problem was that declining demand at home and a loss of share in export markets had caused a structural wine surplus popularly called the European wine lake. The EU’s initial response was to pay farmers to uproot their vineyards, leading to 500,000 hectares (13% of production) being uprooted between 1988 and 1996. A parallel â€Å"crisis distillation program† provided for the EU to purchase surplus wine for distillation into industrial alcohol. An average of 26 million hectoliters (15% of total production) was distilled annually in the decade since 1999. In a 2006 reform proposal, the EU aimed to uproot a further 200,000 hectares equal to the size of the US wine industry and gradually phase out crisis distillation. Critics contended that despite their intent to move towards more market-driven policies, the EU regulators were still dealing with challenges from the supply-side perspective of the grape growers.

Free Essays on Kafkas Metamorphosis: Metamorphosis of Gregor Samsa :: Metamorphosis essays

   â€Å"When he lifted his head a little, he saw his vaulted brown belly, sectioned by arch-shaped ribs, to whose dome the cover, about to slide off completely, could barely cling. His many legs, pitifully thin compared with the size of the rest of him, were waving helplessly before his eyes.† Gregor Samsa has gone through a metamorphosis. This change has turned Gregor into a â€Å"monstrous vermin†. The anxieties, inner terrors, and cynicism, which fill Gregor’s life, are expressed by Kafka throughout the novel, metamorphosis. Franz Kafka uses these feelings as an element of Expressionism to convey Gregor’s attitudes towards his life and society. Examples depicting this element of Expressionism used in the novel are Gregor’s feelings towards his job, the effect his job has on his family, and the cruelty that his family displays. The novel opens with Gregor in his monstrous state, late for work. He infers that his job as a traveling salesman is very consequential, yet he is growing tired and frustrated, â€Å"The upset of doing business is much worse than the actual business in the home office, and, besides, I’ve got the torture of traveling, worrying about changing trains, eating miserable food at all hours, constantly seeing new faces, no relationships that last or get more intimate. To the devil with it all!† Gregor has a great amount of fury towards his job, which eventually led to his anger towards society as a whole. The fact that his office manager showed up at Gregor†™s house plays an immense role in creating trepidation and anxieties in Gregor’s mind. Gregor feels strangled by his job and is too weak to tolerate the pressure. In addition to the pressure created by his office manager and society, the Samsa’s, especially Gregor’s father, take advantage of him. Gregor earns the basic income to support his family. â€Å"But of course he actually could have paid off more of his father’s debt to the boss with this extra money, and the clay on which he could have gotten rid of his job would have been much closer, but now things were undoubtedly better, the way his father had arranged them.† The superficiality of the Samsa’s has put Gregor in a difficult position, which is a component causing Gregor’s metamorphosis. Gregor’s family in general, had given him the attitude he has on life. They took advantage of him to the point where he was the means of the family’s survival.

P1 Identifying the Documents Used to Record Business Transactions

P1 Identifying the Documents Used to Record Business Transactions 1. Issue of a Purchase Order A  purchase order (PO)  is document issued by the buyer  to the  seller, indicating types, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services the seller will provide to the buyer. Sending a purchase order to a supplier is a legal offer to buy products or services. If the seller agrees to selling to the buyer it forms a contract between the two. It should include: * The order number, so it can be traced and matched with invoices and statements * The purchasers name and address which is usually across the middle of the document * The price The name and address of the supplier * The catalogue/reference number * Authorisation i. e. signature and date * A description of the goods required The Delivery Address May Be Different Companies use Purchase Orders for several reasons: price * Purchase orders allow buyers to clearly and explicitly communicate their intentions to sellers * Sell ers are protected in case of a buyer's refusal to pay for goods or services * Purchase orders help a purchasing agent to manage incoming orders and pending ordersIf The Order Is Not Properly Authorised It Will Not Be Processed 2. Delivery Note This is the document is sent with the goods. It lists the items which have been sent. The buyer uses this to check the goods ordered have arrived. It is signed by the buyer and it is then sent back to the seller as a proof of delivery. The person receiving the goods signs it after checked the quantity of the goods delivered. Information on the Delivery Note: * The method of delivery * Purchase order number * The signature of the person receiving the goods * The catalogue number and quantity The Price Is Usually Not On the Delivery Note 3. InvoiceAn  invoice is a document issued by a  seller  to the  buyer, indicating the  products, quantities, and agreed  prices  for products or  services  the seller has provided the buyer. A n invoice indicates the sale transaction only. Payment terms are usually included on the invoice. The buyer can also have a maximum number of days in which to pay for these goods and is sometimes offered a discount if paid before the due date. This is probably the most important document. This is an official request for payment. It includes: * The Word  Invoice * A Unique Reference Number In Case Of Correspondence About The Invoice * Date of the Invoice. Tax Payments * Name And Contact Details Of The Seller * Tax Or Company Registration Details Of Seller * Name And Contact Details Of The Buyer * Date That The Product Was Sent Or Delivered * Purchase Order  Number * Description Of The Products * Total Amount Charged – optionally with breakdown of taxes, if relevant * Payment Terms – method of payment, date of payment, and details about charges for late payment * The Purchase Order Number – the invoice is checked against the goods ordered, the invoice and the goods delivered, the process is called â€Å"marrying up†. The buyer only pays if all three documents match exactly. Terms – this informs the buyer how long before he has to pay for the goods. The amount of cash discount for fast payment will also be stated. * Carriage – this states the cost of transportation the seller has to pay. Carriage forward means how much the buyer has to pay for transportation * E ; OE – â€Å"errors and omissions expected† this allows the seller to correct any mistakes on the invoice at a later date. * Trade Discount – this amount will be deducted from the invoice price e. g. buying in bulk. * Value Added Tax (VAT) – this is added to the cost of the goods on the invoice. Read also Recording General Fund Operating Budget and Operating TransactionsThe VAT registration number should be on the invoice, usually below the name and address. * Invoice Number – it will identify a specific invoice for the buyer and seller. Pro Forma Invoice VAT It means for forms sake. It is sent to a new customer, or an existing customer who has been late making a payment It is sent to the buyer before the goods are delivered The details are the same as on an ordinary invoice. The goods are delivered after the payment has been made.When the goods are paid for a normal invoice is issued. It sets out charges which have to be paid in advance. Debit Note This is issued by the seller and sent to the buyer. It Is Essentially an Additional Invoice It is used to correct errors e. g. if goods were invoiced at a lower price than it should been or if some goods were over charged. 4. Credit Note A  credit  note is a document issued by a  seller  to a  buyer. The seller u sually issues a credit memo for the same or lower amount than the invoice, and then repays the money to the buyer or sets it off against a balance due from other transactions.A credit note lists the products, quantities and agreed prices for products or services the seller provided the buyer, but the buyer returned or did not receive. It may be issued in the case of damaged goods, errors or allowances. In respect of the previously issued invoice, a Credit Memo will reduce or eliminate the amount the buyer has to pay. Reasons for issuing a credit note: * To correct a mistake e. g. being over charged * Goods are faulty or damaged * The goods were not delivered * The wrong goods were delivered Details on the credit note include: The date * The original invoice number * Date * The reason credit is being given * The addresses of the buyer and seller It Is Often Printed In Red 5. Statement The seller sends all regular customers a statement at the end of the month. This Is a Copy of The Cu stomer’s Accounts in The Sales Ledger. It lists all transactions with customers during the month: * Any payments received * All invoices issued * It shows outstanding balance * Any credit note issued Details include: * Date * Details of invoices issued * The name and address of the customers The customer’s account number * The name and address of the supplier * Any credit note issued * Any payments made * The amount outstanding i. e. the balance 6. Goods Received Note(GRN) This is an internal document used by the buyer, usually in the stock department to record goods being delivered. Copies are sent to various parts of the business: * The department that ordered the goods, to let them know that goods have arrived * The accounts department so they can â€Å"marry† the invoice, the purchase order and the GRN * The purchasing department who placed the order.